Konsekuensi hemodinamik dari gagal jantung adalah penurunan curah jantung, peningkatan LVEDP, vasokonstriksi perifer, retensi natrium dan air, dan penurunan pengiriman oksigen ke jaringan dengan perbedaan oksigen arteri- vena melebar. Gagal jantung adalah kondisi patofisiologis kompleks yang ditandai oleh ketidakmampuan jantung untuk mengisi atau memompa darah pada tingkat yang tepat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan jaringan.Sindrom klinis ditandai dengan gejala sesak napas dan kelelahan dan tanda-tanda bendungan sirkulasi atau hipoperfusi. For postoperative care, patient should be monitored and treated in intensive care unit. The pros and cons of regional anesthesia must be carefully weighed in heart failure patients. However, drug doses may need to be adjusted. All types of general anesthetics have been successfully used in patients with heart failure. Patients treated for heart failure are usually on several medications that may affect anesthetic management. In the preoperative period, all precipitating factor for heart failure should be sought and aggressively treated before proceeding with elective surgery. The presence of heart failure has been described as the single most important risk factor for predicting perioperative morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular failure results in signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema, whereas right ventricular failure results in systemic venous hypertension and peripheral edema. The hemodynamic consequences of heart failure are decreased cardiac output, increased LVEDP, peripheral vasoconstriction, retention of sodium and water, and decreased oxygen delivery to tissue with a widened arterial-venous oxygen difference.

The clinical syndrome is characterized by symptoms of dyspnea and fatique and signs of circulatory congestion or hypoperfusion. Heart failure is a complex pathophysiologic state described by the inability of the heart to fill or eject blood at a appropriate rate to meet tissue requirements.

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